Industrial Product Design of Solids and Liquids: A Practical Guide by Wilfried Rahse
Industrial Product Design of Solids and Liquids: A Practical Guide
Description
Offering invaluable insights from a chemist with over 35 years experience in the industry, this practical guide incorporates numerous practical examples and case studies to explain the concepts included here.
The author explains the processes involved in product design, how to set up experiments, and ultimately how to scale-up.
Among the host of topics covered is a discussion of recent advances in the fundamentals and innovative technologies leading to new and improved products.
Industrial Product Design of Solids and Liquids: A Practical Guide is essential reading for the pharmaceutical, cosmetics and personal care, food, fragrance, paints, plastics and agricultural industries.
Table of Contents
Preface XIII
1 Chemical Product Design – a New Approach in Product and Process Development 1
Summary 1
1.1 Definitions 1
1.2 Customer Involvement 3
1.3 Specifications 8
1.4 Tasks of Development Team 8
1.5 Steering of Projects 11
1.6 Learnings 13
References 13
2 Diversity of Product Design 15
Summary 15
2.1 General Remarks 15
2.2 Customizable Developments 16
2.3 Foodstuffs 18
2.4 Chemicals 20
2.5 Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals 22
2.6 Polymers and Plastics 24
2.7 Ceramic Industry 27
2.8 Packaging 27
2.9 Brand 28
2.10 Learnings 30
3 Generation and Assessment of Ideas for Novel Products 31
Summary 31
3.1 Innovation 31
3.2 Implementation of a Product Idea 32
3.3 Project Success (Some Personal Reflections on the People Involved) 32
3.4 Generation of Innovations 34
3.5 Evaluation of Product Ideas 37
3.6 Learnings 38
References 38
4 Compressed Development and Implementation of Innovations 39
Summary 39
4.1 Preliminary Remarks 39
4.2 Reasons for an Accelerated Product Development 40
4.3 Risks 41
4.4 Barriers in Development Projects 42
4.5 History 43
4.6 Compressed Project Processing 43
4.7 Project Leadership 45
4.8 Teamwork in Projects 47
4.9 Conditions for Success of Compressed Project Work 48
4.10 Design of Production Plant 49
4.11 Biotechnology 51
4.12 Maximum Speed-to-Market (Examples) 52
4.13 Relationship between Compressed Development and Product Design 54
4.14 Outlook 54
4.15 Learnings 55
References 55
5 Product Design of Particles 57
Summary 57
5.1 Dry Agglomeration Processes: Pelleting and Tableting 57
5.2 Wet Agglomeration Process: Granulation 64
5.2.1 Definition of Granulation 64
5.2.2 Tasks of Granulation 65
5.2.3 Theoretical Basics 67
5.2.4 Mechanisms of Granulation 69
5.2.5 Industrial Granulation 73
5.2.6 Scale-Up 77
5.2.7 Applications 79
5.2.8 Design of Particles by Granulation 81
5.3 Learnings 86
References 87
6 Product Design of Particles by Coatings 91
Summary 91
6.1 Processes for Setting the Product Design of Particles 91
6.2 Opportunities for Influencing Particle Design 92
6.3 Tasks of Coatings 95
6.4 Basic Variants of Coating 99
6.5 Coating Technologies 107
6.6 Learnings 117
References 118
7 Product Design Out of Disperse and Continuous Phases by Crushing 119
Summary 119
7.1 Breaking Up of Materials 119
7.2 Importance of Crushing Processes 121
7.3 Particle Properties by Breaking Up 122
7.4 Variants of Crushing 126
7.4.1 Grinding of Solids 128
7.4.2 Deagglomeration 131
7.4.3 Split Up Sensitive Materials in a Cold Milling Process 132
7.4.4 Milling of Suspended Solids 132
7.4.5 Breaking Down and Transforming of Liquids into Dispersed Solids 133
7.4.6 Splitting with Simultaneous Absorbing/Reaction 133
7.5 Processes for Crushing of Materials 133
7.5.1 Equipment for Grinding of Disperse Dry Raw Materials 134
7.5.2 Equipment for Grinding of Disperse Raw Materials in Liquid Phases 137
7.5.3 Breaking Up of Materials in Combination with Drying Methods 142
7.6 Energy Requirements 144
7.7 Determination of Product Design via Specifications 147
7.8 Design of Products by Breaking-Up Processes 148
7.8.1 Determination of Particle Properties for Solids 149
7.8.2 Solids from Melting 150
7.9 Product Design Out of Multistep Processes (Examples) 151
7.9.1 Powders from Molten Metals 151
7.9.2 Powdered Metals for Metallic Paints 153
7.9.3 Reinforcing Materials and Fillers for Polymers 154
7.10 Consequences 155
7.11 Learnings 156
References 156
8 Product Design Out of Continuous Phases by Spray Drying and Crystallization 159
Summary 159
8.1 Importance of Spray Drying 159
8.2 Basics of Atomization and Drying 161
8.2.1 Atomizing with Nozzles 161
8.2.2 Description of Drying and Structure Formation 161
8.2.3 Industrial Spray Drying 163
8.3 Spray Drying Plants and Plant Safety 164
8.4 Improved Capacity and Energy Consumption 169
8.5 Influencing the Product Design 176
8.5.1 Choice of Atomizer and of Operating Mode 179
8.5.2 Material Dependence of Particle Design 180
8.5.3 Agglomeration of Droplets and Particles 184
8.5.4 Recirculation of Coarse Particles and Dust 184
8.6 Scale-Up of Spray Dryers 187
8.7 Exhausted Air and Waste Water 189
8.8 Spray Agglomeration 190
8.9 Crystallization/Precipitation 192
8.10 Learnings 194
References 195
9 Manufacturing of Application-Related Designed Plastic Products 197
Summary 197
9.1 Polymers 197
9.2 Importance of Plastics 199
9.3 Task 201
9.4 Product Design for Plastics 202
9.4.1 Polymer Engineering 202
9.4.2 Polymer Design 205
9.4.3 Polymer Shaping 208
9.5 Polymers in Detergent Formulations 211
9.5.1 Cobuilder 211
9.5.2 Inhibitors (Graying, Color Transfer, Foam, and Dirt) 212
9.5.3 Excipients and Starches 213
9.6 Plastics in Detergent Industry 213
9.6.1 Packaging 213
9.6.2 Polyvinyl Alcohol as Packaging Material 218
9.7 Shape and Function 222
9.8 Learnings 223
References 224
10 Production of Tailor-Made Enzymes for Detergents 225
Summary 225
10.1 Product Design in Biotechnology 225
10.2 History 226
10.3 Enzymes 228
10.3.1 Enzymes as Part of White Biotechnology 228
10.3.2 Enzymes as Catalysts of Metabolism in Living Cells 230
10.3.3 Structure of Enzymes 231
10.4 Enzymes in Detergents 232
10.4.1 Significance 232
10.4.2 Optimizations of Production Strain 233
10.5 Industrial Manufacture of Proteases 235
10.5.1 Materials for the Plant 236
10.5.2 Three-Step Process 236
10.5.3 Fermentation 238
10.5.4 Downstream Processing of Fermentation Broths 239
10.5.5 Manufacturing of Enzyme Granules 242
10.6 Workplace Safety 248
10.7 Product Design of Enzymes 249
10.8 Learnings 250
References 251
11 Design of Solid Laundry Detergents According to Consumer Requirements 253
Summary 253
11.1 Market Products in Germany 253
11.2 Identification and Consideration of Customer Needs 255
11.3 History of Laundry Washing 258
11.4 Washing Process 259
11.5 Recipe 265
11.6 Design of Finished Products 267
11.7 Manufacturing Processes 270
11.7.1 Drying in Spray Towers for Customary Powders 271
11.7.2 Combined Spraying with Compacting Processes for Concentrates 273
11.7.3 Non-Tower Method 274
11.8 Novel Manufacturing Method for Granules 277
11.9 Economic Considerations 280
11.10 Outlook 281
11.11 Learnings 283
References 283
12 Product Design of Liquids 285
Summary 285
12.1 Introduction 285
12.2 Water-Based Liquids 286
12.3 Water-Insoluble Liquids (Example: Perfume Oils) 290
12.3.1 History of Perfume Oils 290
12.3.2 Perfumes 291
12.3.3 Extraction of Fragrances 294
12.3.4 Chemical Composition of Natural Fragrances 298
12.3.5 Possibilities in Product Design of Perfume Oils 299
12.3.6 Emulsions 302
12.3.7 Scented Solids 303
12.3.8 Neuromarketing 306
12.3.9 Perfume Oil for Space Fragrancing 306
12.3.10 Perfume Oils for Detergents 307
12.3.11 Manufacture of Fragrance Beads 311
12.3.12 Personal Care and Other Products 313
12.3.13 Safety 314
12.4 Learnings 316
References 316
13 Design of Skin Care Products 319
Summary 319
13.1 History of Cosmetics 319
13.2 Regulations of Cosmetic Products 320
13.3 Product Design 322
13.4 Skin Care 324
13.4.1 Cosmetic Products for Beautification 325
13.4.2 Active Cosmetics for Healthy Skin 326
13.4.3 Differences between Cosmeceuticals and Drugs 327
13.4.4 Natural Cosmetics Label 329
13.5 Emulsions 330
13.5.1 Basics (Definition, Structure, and Classification) 330
13.5.2 Stability of Emulsions 333
13.5.3 Preparation of Emulsions in the Laboratory 335
13.6 Structure of Skin Care Creams 336
13.6.1 Excipients 336
13.6.2 Preservations 338
13.6.3 Additives 340
13.6.4 Cosmetic Active Ingredients 341
13.6.5 Typical Effects of Cosmetics 341
13.7 Essential Active Substances from a Medical Point of View 341
13.7.1 Linoleic and Linolenic 344
13.7.2 Urea 344
13.7.3 Panthenol 344
13.8 Penetration into the Skin 345
13.8.1 Skin Structure 345
13.8.2 Applying the Emulsion 346
13.8.3 Proof of Performance 346
13.8.4 Penetration of Lipophilic Substances 348
13.9 Targeted Product Design in the Course of Development 351
13.10 Production of Skin Care Products 353
13.11 Bottles and Prices of Cosmetic Creams 362
13.12 Design of all Elements 365
13.13 Learnings 366
References 367
14 Influencing the Product Design by Chemical Reactions and the Manufacturing Process 371
Summary 371
14.1 General Remarks 371
14.2 Elements of the Manufacturing Process 372
14.3 Raw Materials and Synthesis Routes 373
14.4 Chemical Reactor and Reaction Sequence 375
14.5 Entire Procedure 380
14.6 Choice of Machines and Apparatuses 383
14.7 Operating Conditions 386
14.8 Drying Gas 387
14.9 Learnings 389
References 390
15 Design of Disperse Solids by Chemical Reactions 391
Summary 391
15.1 Importance of Solid-State Reactions 391
15.2 Theoretical Bases 392
15.3 Modeling of Isothermal Solid-State Reactions 393
15.4 Modeling of ‘‘Adiabatic’’ Solid Reactions 395
15.5 Reactions of Disperse Particles in the Industry 395
15.5.1 Conversions with Gases 395
15.5.2 Reactions of Particles with Liquids 399
15.5.3 Conversions in Liquids 402
15.5.4 Reactive Suspension Precipitations 403
15.6 Formation of Products 404
15.6.1 Product Formation in Fluid/Solid Reactions 404
15.6.2 Product Formation through Reactions in Suspension 406
15.6.3 Influencing the Product Design 407
15.7 Etherification of Cellulose 409
15.8 Dry Neutralization 414
15.8.1 Raw Materials 414
15.8.2 Chemical Formulas 414
15.8.3 Modeling of the Reaction Processes 415
15.8.4 Reaction Sequence 415
15.9 Building Materials 418
15.10 Hints for Practice 419
15.11 Learnings 420
References 420
16 Materials for the Machinery 423
Summary 423
16.1 Motivation 423
16.2 Relationship between Material and Product Design 424
16.3 Choice of Material 425
16.4 Stainless Steel 426
16.4.1 Standard Grade 427
16.4.2 Corrosion 428
16.4.3 Smoothing the Metal Surfaces 430
16.4.3.1 Preparations 430
16.4.3.2 Mechanical Procedures 431
16.4.3.3 Pickling 432
16.4.3.4 Electropolishing 433
16.4.3.5 Plasma Polishing 436
16.5 Nonferrous (NF) Metals and Alloys 437
16.6 Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials 440
16.6.1 Borosilicate Glass 440
16.6.2 Vitreous Enamel 441
16.6.3 Graphite 442
16.7 Plastics 443
16.8 Learnings 447
References 448
17 Principles of Product Design 449
Summary 449
17.1 Characteristic Features 449
17.2 Targeted Production of Particles and Fluids from Different Raw Materials 450
17.3 Learnings 453
List of Companies 455
Index 461