Preface for Volumes 1–3 XV

Introduction: Definitions of Catalysis XXI

Volume 1

1 From Catalysis to Lewis Base Catalysis with Highlights from 1806 to 1970 1
Edwin Vedejs

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Catalysis 1

1.3 Progress with Catalysis in Organic Chemistry 3

1.4 Ostwald’s Redefinition of Catalysis 5

1.5 The First Example of Lewis Base Catalysis 7

1.6 The Road to Mechanistic Comprehension; Multistage Catalysis by Lewis Base 9

1.7 An Uneven Path to a Unifying Concept 12

1.8 Amine Catalysis 17

1.9 Summary 26

SectionI Principles 31

2 Principles, Definitions, Terminology, and Orbital Analysis of Lewis Base–Lewis Acid Interactions Leading to Catalysis 33
Scott E. Denmark and Gregory L. Beutner

2.1 Introduction 33

2.2 Lewis Definitions of Valence and the Chemical Bond 34

2.3 Extensions, Expansions of, and Objections to the Lewis Definitions 35

2.4 Interpretation of the Lewis Definitions in the Idiom of Molecular Orbital Theory and Quantum Mechanics 38

2.5 Defining Lewis Base Catalysis 40

2.6 Theoretical Analysis of the Geometrical and Electronic Consequences of Lewis Acid–Lewis Base Interactions 44

2.7 Summary 51

3 Thermodynamic Treatments of Lewis Basicity 55
Jean-François Gal

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Basic Thermodynamics for the Study of Lewis Acid–Base Interactions 56

3.3 Scales of Lewis Affinity and Basicity 58

3.4 Lewis Acidity and Lewis Basicity: Thermodynamic Scales 62

3.5 Quantum Chemical Tools 74

3.6 Conclusion and Overview 75

3.7 Summary 76

List of Abbreviations 77

4 Quantitative Treatments of Nucleophilicity and Carbon Lewis Basicity 85
Sami Lakhdar

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 Nucleophilicity 85

4.3 Lewis Basicity 91

4.4 Nucleofugality 93

4.5 Selected Applications 95

4.6 Conclusion 113

4.7 Summary 113

SectionII Mechanism and Lewis Base Catalysis: Nucleophilicity Is Only Part of the Story 119

5 Anhydride Activation by 4-Dialkylaminopyridines and Analogs 121
Raman Tandon and Hendrik Zipse

5.1 Historical Background 121

5.2 Mechanistic Considerations 121

5.3 Catalyst Structure and Variation 124

5.4 The Influence of Reaction Conditions 130

5.5 The Influence of Acyl Donors 132

5.6 The Influence of Substrate Structure 136

5.7 Summary 141

6 Mechanistic Understanding of Proline Analogs and Related Protic Lewis Bases 145
Alan Armstrong and Paul Dingwall

6.1 Proline Catalysis: Overview 145

6.2 Mechanism of the Proline-Catalyzed Aldol Reaction 147

6.3 Mechanism of the Proline-Catalyzed α-Amination and α-Aminoxylation Reactions 161

6.4 The Proline-Mediated Conjugate Addition Reaction 170

6.5 Modified Proline Derivatives 175

6.6 Concluding Remarks 186

7 Mechanistic Options for the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction 191
Marilia S. Santos, José Tiago M. Correia, Ana Paula L. Batista, Manoel T. Rodrigues Jr., Ataualpa A. C. Braga, Marcos N. Eberlin, and Fernando Coelho

7.1 The Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: An Overview 191

7.2 Kinetic Studies Applied to aza-Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction 195

7.3 Theoretical Calculations Applied to MBH Reaction 208

7.4 Mass Spectrometry Aid the Understanding of the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction 217

7.5 Classical and Nonclassical Methods for Mechanistic Studies Associated with the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction: Which Is the Correct Pathway of This Reaction? 226

8 Mechanism of C-Si Bond Cleavage Using Lewis Bases 233
Hans J. Reich

8.1 Introduction 233

8.2 Mechanistic Issues 235

8.3 Alkylation 247

8.4 Benzylation 253

8.5 Allylation 255

8.6 Allenylation/Propargylation 260

8.7 Alkynylation 261

8.8 Arylation 262

8.9 Vinylation 263

8.10 Cyanation 264

8.11 Summary 275

9 Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation of X3Si-Nu and C=)O 281

9.1 Addition of Allyltrichlorosilanes to Aldehydes 281

9.2 Aldol Additions of Trichlorosilyl Enol Ethers Derived from Ketones, Aldehydes, and Esters 293

10 Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation of R–M and C=O 339

10.1 Introduction 339

10.2 Activation of C–Zn and Related C–Mg by a Simple Lewis Base 340

10.3 Lewis Base-Activated C–Zn + C

10.4 Role of Dimeric Organozinc Species 345

10.5 Scope of Carbonyl Substrates in Catalytic Asymmetric Organozinc Addition Reaction 350

10.6 Anionic Lewis Base Activation in Mg(II) and Zn(II) Ate Complexes 372

10.7 Summary 382

11 The Corey–Bakshi–Shibata Reduction: Mechanistic and Synthetic Considerations – Bifunctional Lewis Base Catalysis with Dual Activation 387
Christopher J. Helal and Matthew P. Meyer

11.1 Introduction 387

11.2 The Catalytic Cycle 389

11.3 Mechanism 393

11.4 Applications of the CBS Reduction in Organic Synthesis 416

Volume 2

Section III Applications: Lewis Base Catalysis Involving an Activation Step 457

12 Chiral Lewis Base Activation of Acyl and Related Donors in Enantioselective Transformations 459
James I. Murray, Zsofia Heckenast, and Alan C. Spivey

13 Catalytic Generation of Ammonium Enolates and Related Tertiary Amine-Derived Intermediates: Applications, Mechanism, and Stereochemical Models 527
Khoi N. Van, Louis C. Morrill, Andrew D. Smith, and Daniel Romo

14 Morita–Baylis–Hillman, Vinylogous Morita–Baylis–Hillman, and Rauhut–Currier Reactions 655
Allison M. Wensley, Nolan T. McDougal, and Scott E. Schaus

15 Beyond the Morita–Baylis–Hilman Reaction 715
Yi Chiao Fan and Ohyun Kwon

16 Iminium Catalysis 805
Aurélie Claraz, Juha H. Siitonen, and Petri M. Pihko

17 Enamine-Mediated Catalysis 857
John J. Murphy, Mattia Silvi, and Paolo Melchiorre

Volume 3

SectionIVa Applications: Enhanced Nucleophilicity by Lewis Base Activation 903

18 Si-C-X and Si-C-EWG as Carbanion Equivalents under Lewis Base Activation 905
Ping Fang, Chang-Hua Ding, and Xue-Long Hou

19 Activation of B-B and B-Si Bonds and Synthesis of Organoboron and Organosilicon Compounds through Lewis Base-Catalyzed Transformations 967
Amir H. Hoveyda, Hao Wu, Suttipol Radomkit, Jeannette M. Garcia, Fredrik Haeffner, and Kang-sang Lee

Section IVb Applications: Enhanced Electrophilicity and Dual Activation by Lewis Base Catalysis 1011

20 Lewis Base-Catalyzed Reactions of SiX3-Based Reagents with C

21 Lewis Base-Catalyzed, Lewis Acid-Mediated Reactions 1039
Sergio Rossi and Scott E. Denmark

22 Lewis Bases as Catalysts in the Reduction of Imines and Ketones with Silanes 1077
Pavel Kočovský and Andrei V. Malkov

23 Reactions of Epoxides 1113
Tyler W. Wilson and Scott E. Denmark

Section V Lewis Base-Catalyzed Generation of Electrophilic Intermediates 1153

24 Lewis Base Catalysis: A Platform for Enantioselective Addition to Alkenes Using Group 16 and 17 Lewis Acids 1155
Dipannita Kalyani, David J.-P. Kornfilt, Matthew T. Burk, and Scott E. Denmark

Section VI Bifunctional (and Multifunctional) Catalysis 1213

25 Bifunctional and Synergistic Catalysis: Lewis Acid Catalysis and Lewis Base-Assisted Bond Polarization 1215
Won-jin Chung and Scott E. Denmark

26 Bifunctional Catalysis with Lewis Base and X-H Sites That Facilitate Proton Transfer or Hydrogen Bonding 1259
Curren T. Mbofana and Scott J. Miller

Section VII Carbenes: Lewis Base Catalysis Triggers Multiple Activation Pathways 1289

27 Catalysis with Stable Carbenes 1291
Darrin M. Flanigan, Nicholas A. White, Kevin M. Oberg, and Tomislav Rovis

Summation 1351

Index 1355